Reframing Radicalization: A Structured Literature Review of Islamist Militancy in the Philippines (2000–2024)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18415/3hbdca26

Keywords:

Islamist Militancy, Thematic Synthesis, Radicalization, Political Violence, Governance Fragility

Abstract

This study reexamines predominant interpretations of Islamist militancy in the Philippines through a structured literature review and thematic synthesis of empirical research from 2000 to 2024. Drawing on 38 qualitative (including 7 mixed) + 14 quantitative = 52 studies, the analysis identifies four interrelated factors driving militant mobilization: socioeconomic marginalization, kinship-based recruitment networks, ideological framing, and governance fragility.The study produces a conceptual framework demonstrating how these factors interact to produce context-specific pathways to radicalization, rather than operating as independent variables. This approach challenges predominantly linear and ideology-centric models of radicalization by emphasizing the relational and structural dynamics underlying militant recruitment. The findings highlight the central role of social embeddedness and institutional conditions in shaping extremist trajectories, especially in conflict-affected regions such as Mindanao. The study provides a coherent explanatory framework and offers context-sensitive insights for more effective and sustainable counter-extremism strategies.

References

Abuza, Z. (2003). Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: crucible of terror. Lynne Rienner Publishers.https://www.rienner.com/title/Militant_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia_Crucible_of_Terror

Banlaoi, R. C. (2010). Philippine security in the age of terror: National, regional, and global challenges. CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Philippine-Security-in-the-Age-of-Terror-National-Regional-and-Global-Challenges-in-the-Post-911-World/Banlaoi/p/book/9781138374201

Bjørgo, T. (2011). Dreams and disillusionment: Engagement in extremist groups. Crime, Law and Social Change, 55(5), 583–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-011-9282-9

Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into violent extremism I: A review of social science theories. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 7–36. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.1

Franc, R., & Pavlović, T. (2021). Inequality and Radicalisation: Systematic Review of Quantitative studies. Terrorism and Political Violence, 35(4), 785–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1974845

Franco, J. (2017). Marawi: Winning the war after the battle. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT. https://icct.nl/publication/marawi-winning-war-after-battle.

Franco, J. (2018). Preventing other ‘Marawis’ in the southern Philippines. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 5(2), 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.227

Gill, P., Horgan, J., & Deckert, P. (2014). Bombing alone: Tracing the motivations and antecedent behaviors of lone‐actor terrorists. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 59(2), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12312

Hafez, M., & Mullins, C. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 958–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1051375

Hoffman, B. (2017). Inside terrorism. Columbia university press. https://cup.columbia.edu/book/inside-terrorism/9780231174770/

Horgan, J. (2005). The psychology of terrorism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203496961

International Crisis Group. (2018). Philippines: Addressing Islamist militancy after the battle for Marawi. https://www.crisisgroup.org/cmt/asia-pacific/philippines/philippines-addressing-islamist-militancy-after-battle-marawi

Kilcullen, D. (2009). The accidental guerrilla: Fighting small wars in the midst of a big one. Oxford University Press. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AUPress/Book-Reviews/Display/Article/1193127/the-accidental-guerrilla-fighting-small-wars-in-the-midst-of-a-big-one/

Kreuzer, P. (2005). Political clans and violence in the Philippines. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2008/260/

Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The three pillars of radicalization. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851125.001.0001

LaFree, G., & Dugan, L. (2007). Introducing the Global Terrorism Database. Terrorism and Political Violence, 19(2), 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550701246817

LaFree, G., & Freilich, J. (2016). The handbook of the criminology of terrorism. Wiley.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118923986

McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367

McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two pyramids model. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000062

Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161

Neumann, P. (2013). The trouble with radicalization. International Affairs, 89(4), 873–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12049

Ohls, I., Hosseini, D. S., Spasojevic, A., Brandes, F., Bajwa, R., Ahmed, K., Gallinat, J., Karow, A., & Allroggen, M. (2023). A Systematic Review of the Risk and Protective Factors for Processes Associated with Islamist Radicalization and Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(8), 1027–1047. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2243349

Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N., Roen, K., & Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: A product from the ESRC methods programme. Lancaster University. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1018.4643

Ranstorp, M. (2016). The Root Causes of Violent Extremism. Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN) Issue Paper. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3596838

Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding terror networks. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.pennpress.org/9780812238082/understanding-terror-networks/

Sageman, M. (2008). Leaderless jihad: Terror networks in the twenty-first century. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.pennpress.org/9780812240658/leaderless-jihad/

Sageman, M. (2016). Misunderstanding terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.pennpress.org/9780812248890/misunderstanding-terrorism/

Schmid, A. P. (2013). Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 4(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2013.1.02

Schuurman, B., Bakker, E., Gill, P., & Bouhana, N. (2018). Lone-actor terrorist attack planning and preparation: A data-driven analysis. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63(4), 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13676

Shafieioun, D., & Haq, H. (2023). Radicalization from a societal perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1197282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1197282

Sinai, J., Fuller, J., & Seal, T. (2019). Effectiveness in Counter-Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism: A Literature Review. Perspectives on Terrorism, 13(6), 90–108. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26853743

Sirry, M. (2020c). Muslim Student Radicalism and Self-Deradicalization in Indonesia. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 31(2), 241–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1770665

Stange, G. (2019). “From frustration to escalation in Marawi”: An interview on conflict transformation in Southeast Asia with the Indonesian Peace and Conflict Advisor Shadia Marhaban. Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences). https://doi.org/10.14764/10.aseas-0007

Torres, W. M. (2007). Rido: Clan feuding and conflict management in Mindanao. The Asia Foundation. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126752467

Veldhuis, T., Staun, J., & Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. (2009). Islamist radicalisation: a root cause model. Netherlands Institute of International RelationsClingendael.https://www.diis.dk/files/media/publications/import/islamist_radicalisation.veldhuis_and_staun.pdf

World Bank. (2020): Philippines Mindanao jobs report: A strategy for Mindanao regional development. https://documents.worldbank.org/pt/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/395661498616337079

Downloads

Published

2026-06-13

How to Cite

Reframing Radicalization: A Structured Literature Review of Islamist Militancy in the Philippines (2000–2024). (2026). Interdisciplinary Journal of Religious and Multicultural Perspectives, 2(2), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.18415/3hbdca26

Similar Articles

1-10 of 11

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.